Student in Unknowable position	Student in position A	Student in subjectivist position(B)	Student in proc position	Student in constructivist position(C)

Student Role	React to demands	Passive acceptor	Realises that some responsibility rests with the student.  But what?  And how?	Follow rules	Sees student as source of knowledge or is confident of finding it.  Debater, making own decisions.  Wants to explore contexts; seeks interconnections.

Lecturer's Role	Make arbitrary demands	Authority, giving facts and know-how	Authority, where there are controversies, wants guidance as to which the lecturer favours.	Supply material, and support increasing skill at the rule of argument.	One authority among others.  Values views of peers.  Teacher as facilitator or gateway.

View of knowledge	Not possible to know things	Factual; black and white; clear objectives; non-controversial; exceptions unwelcome.	Admits 'black-and-white' approach not always appropriate. Sees no way to choose between alternative views. Feels insecure with these uncertainties.	A matter of competing views or theories, with different supports.  Evidence, not just conclusions, an important part of knowledge.  Enjoys creativity, scholarly work.	Enjoys creativity, and employing procedures for own original ends.

View of exams	Meaningless torture	Regurgitation of 'facts'.  Exams are objective.  <strong>Hard work</strong> will be rewarded.	<strong>Quantity</strong> is more important than quality in demonstrating maximum knowledge.	Demonstrate ability to produce reasoned arguments (though only to questions that do not challenge paradigm)	<strong>Quality</strong> is more important than quantity.  Wants room to express own ideas, views.

Student confidence depends upon:	Being told what to do	The teacher	Little confidence, high uncertainty.	Mainly self; although also important to be part of a community following the same (CT) rules	The student her/himself